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Related Concept Videos

Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
Mitosis and Cytokinesis01:35

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
The processes of the cell cycle occur over approximately 24 hours (in typical human cells) and in two major distinguishable stages. The...
Mitosis and Cytokinesis02:03

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
The processes of the cell cycle occur over approximately 24 hours (in typical human cells) and in two major distinguishable stages. The...

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Related Experiment Video

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Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy
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Getting through anaphase: splitting the sisters and beyond.

Raquel A Oliveira1, Kim Nasmyth

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. raquel.oliveira@bioch.ox.ac.uk

Biochemical Society Transactions
|December 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sister-chromatid cohesion, mediated by the cohesin complex, is vital for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. This review explores how cohesion is established, maintained, and ultimately broken to ensure faithful DNA distribution and prevent aneuploidy.

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Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Sister-chromatid cohesion is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis.
  • The cohesin complex is the primary mediator of sister-chromatid cohesion.
  • Cohesion prevents premature separation of sister chromatids, averting aneuploidy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms underlying sister-chromatid cohesion.
  • To discuss the processes that trigger the destruction of cohesion at anaphase onset.
  • To examine anaphase-specific adaptations ensuring proper segregation of single chromatids.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
  • Literature review focusing on molecular and cellular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of experimental data from various studies on mitosis and chromosome segregation.

Main Results:

  • Cohesion provides tension essential for stabilizing microtubule-kinetochore attachments.
  • Rapid destruction of cohesin linkages at anaphase allows chromatid separation.
  • Anaphase involves specific mechanisms to ensure tension-independent segregation of single chromatids.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding sister-chromatid cohesion is key to comprehending mitotic fidelity.
  • The timely regulation of cohesin is critical for preventing genomic instability.
  • Further research into anaphase-specific segregation mechanisms can illuminate disease pathways.