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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

Published on: May 9, 2025

Subscapularis management in open shoulder surgery.

Michael J Defranco¹, Laurence D Higgins, Jon J P Warner

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA.

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

|December 2, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Managing the subscapularis tendon in open shoulder surgery involves comparing traditional tenotomy with newer tendon-preserving techniques. Evaluating healing and biomechanics is crucial for optimal patient outcomes and strong repairs.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Shoulder Reconstruction
Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

The management of the subscapularis tendon during open shoulder surgery remains a subject of debate.
Traditionally, subscapularis tenotomy has been the standard approach.
Emerging techniques aim to preserve the subscapularis tendon's integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare different surgical techniques for subscapularis management in open shoulder surgery.
To evaluate the biologic healing and biomechanical properties of each approach.
To guide the selection of the optimal surgical strategy for individual patients.

Main Methods:

Review of current surgical techniques including subscapularis tenotomy, peel, split, and lesser tuberosity osteotomy.
Analysis of biologic healing characteristics for each method.
Assessment of biomechanical properties associated with different surgical interventions.

Main Results:

Subscapularis tenotomy is the traditional method, while peel, split, and osteotomy offer tendon preservation.
Each technique presents distinct biologic healing and biomechanical profiles.
The choice of technique impacts the potential for achieving a strong, anatomic repair.

Conclusions:

The optimal management of the subscapularis tendon requires careful consideration of various surgical approaches.
Evaluating biologic healing and biomechanical properties is essential for informed decision-making.
Achieving a strong, anatomic repair is paramount for successful clinical outcomes in shoulder surgery.