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Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due to...
Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP01:26

Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat conditions related to the bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, and gallbladder. This procedure is beneficial for identifying and addressing blockages, gallstones, strictures, and tumors within the biliary or pancreatic systems. ERCP is both diagnostic and therapeutic, offering the ability to visualize and treat identified problems in one session.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation
06:13

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Published on: June 20, 2018

Utilization and dissection for endoscopic sinus surgery training in the residency program.

Baran Acar1, Emre Gunbey, Mehmet Ali Babademez

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. drbaranacar@gmail.com

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|December 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Sheep cadavers provide a cost-effective model for training residents in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. This animal model demonstrated improved surgical outcomes and reduced procedure times with practice.

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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

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Published on: July 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Education
  • Anatomical Modeling

Background:

  • Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) requires specialized training.
  • Cadaver models are valuable for surgical skill acquisition.
  • Sheep nasal anatomy closely resembles human anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a sheep cadaver model for FESS training.
  • To assess resident performance and learning curve in FESS using this model.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective experimental study involving first-year residents performing FESS on sheep cadavers.
  • Evaluation of surgical steps including maxillary antrostomy, ethmoidectomy, and frontal sinusotomy.
  • Pre- and post-dissection CT scans to assess dissection completeness; comparison of early vs. late surgical performance.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvement in frontal sinusotomy and ethmoidectomy outcomes in later procedures (P = 0.011, P = 0.003).
  • Reduced mean procedure duration from 15.7 to 10.3 minutes (P = 0.000).
  • No significant difference in maxillary antrostomy success or complication rates between early and late procedures.

Conclusions:

  • Sheep cadavers offer a cost-effective and anatomically relevant model for initial FESS training.
  • The model facilitates skill development and improves surgical efficiency for residents.