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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

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A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
08:50

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

Gene regulation through RNA editing.

Stefan Maas1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA. swm3@lehigh.edu

Discovery Medicine
|December 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing enhances gene expression diversity and regulates nervous system functions. Its misregulation is linked to neurological diseases, but editing also offers therapeutic potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • RNA editing by adenosine deamination is a widespread posttranscriptional gene regulation mechanism in mammals.
  • A-to-I RNA editing generates transcriptome and proteome diversity, expanding functional output beyond the genome's gene count.
  • This process impacts neurotransmitter receptor genes in the central nervous system by altering codons in pre-mRNA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the main features of A-to-I RNA editing as an epigenetic phenomenon.
  • To discuss the relevance of RNA editing in health and disease.
  • To explore the potential of RNA editing as a therapeutic strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on A-to-I RNA editing.
  • Analysis of the role of RNA editing in gene expression regulation.
  • Examination of the connection between RNA editing and neurological diseases.
  • Exploration of therapeutic applications of RNA editing.

Main Results:

  • A-to-I RNA editing significantly contributes to transcriptome and proteome diversity.
  • Dysregulation of RNA editing is implicated in neurological disorders like epilepsy, ALS, and depression, as well as tumor progression.
  • Widespread A-to-I modification in human repeat sequences suggests broader roles in gene regulation, including splicing and RNA silencing pathways.

Conclusions:

  • A-to-I RNA editing is a crucial epigenetic mechanism with profound implications for biological complexity and function.
  • Understanding RNA editing's role in disease pathogenesis is vital for developing new therapeutic interventions.
  • RNA editing presents promising prospects for future therapeutic applications in various diseases.