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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Salivary Glands for Sjogren's Syndrome: Diagnostic and Monitoring Insights
07:25

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Salivary Glands for Sjogren's Syndrome: Diagnostic and Monitoring Insights

Published on: October 13, 2023

IgG4-associated sialadenitis.

Julia T Geyer1, Vikram Deshpande

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|December 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related sialadenitis, a condition causing salivary and lacrimal gland enlargement, is now recognized as part of a systemic disease spectrum. It responds well to immunosuppressive therapy.

Area of Science:

  • Immunopathology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • Enlarged salivary or lacrimal glands present a broad differential diagnosis.
  • Distinguishing benign from malignant causes is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review historical controversies surrounding inflammatory salivary gland diseases.
  • To elucidate the role of Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) in these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on inflammatory diseases of salivary and lacrimal glands.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and histological findings, particularly IgG4 staining.

Main Results:

  • Cases previously diagnosed as Mikulicz disease, Küttner tumor, and idiopathic orbital inflammation often exhibit elevated IgG4-positive plasma cells.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Salivary Glands for Sjogren's Syndrome: Diagnostic and Monitoring Insights
07:25

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Salivary Glands for Sjogren's Syndrome: Diagnostic and Monitoring Insights

Published on: October 13, 2023

  • This supports the concept of IgG4-associated sialadenitis/dacroadenitis.
  • Histological hallmarks include lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis.

    • Conclusions:

    • IgG4-related sialadenitis is part of the IgG4-related systemic disease spectrum.
    • The condition demonstrates a rapid positive response to immunosuppressive treatment.