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Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...

IR Spectrum

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the absorption, reflection, diffraction, or transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a material as a function of the intensity and wavelength of the radiation. A spectrophotometer is a device used to measure the change in the radiation intensity caused by its interaction with the material.
The essential components of a spectrophotometer include a source of electromagnetic radiation, a slot for placing a material to be analyzed, and a...

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

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Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

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Infrared photonic science and technology feature: introduction.

|December 4, 2010

Summary

Infrared (IR) technology is a dynamic field in optical sciences. This feature highlights four recent advancements in IR detection mechanisms, instruments, and basic concepts like emissivity.

Area of Science:

Optical Sciences and Engineering
Infrared (IR) Technology

Background:

The Infrared (IR) field is a significant area within optical sciences.
Applied Optics publishes research on diverse IR topics, including fundamental concepts and detection theories.

Purpose of the Study:

To present recent developments in Infrared (IR) technology.
To showcase novel instruments and theoretical advancements in IR applications.

Main Methods:

Review of four recent papers in the field of IR.
Analysis of topics including emissivity, IR detection mechanisms, and novel instrument development.

Main Results:

Highlights recent advancements in IR technology.
Covers fundamental concepts, detection theories, and practical applications of IR.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

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Published on: October 24, 2018

High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging of Human Tissue Sections towards Improving Pathology

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Optical Photothermal Infrared-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (OPTIR-FISH)

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Conclusions:

The Infrared (IR) field continues to be an active area of research and development.
Recent progress spans theoretical understanding, detection capabilities, and instrument innovation in IR.