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Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.

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Long-term Depression

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

Published on: September 30, 2014

Hippocampal interneurons in bipolar disorder.

Christine Konradi¹, Eric I Zimmerman, C Kevin Yang

¹Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, USA. christine.konradi@vanderbilt.edu

Archives of General Psychiatry

|December 8, 2010

Summary

Bipolar disorder is linked to reduced hippocampal interneurons, impacting brain function. This study found specific interneuron alterations in bipolar disorder patients, suggesting a key role in the condition.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Cell Biology

Background:

Previous studies suggest altered hippocampal interneurons in bipolar disorder.
Neuroimaging findings on hippocampal volume and function in bipolar disorder remain inconclusive.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate hippocampal volume, neuron counts, and interneuron populations in bipolar disorder.
To compare these measures between individuals with bipolar disorder and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

Postmortem analysis of human hippocampi from 14 bipolar disorder patients and 18 controls.
Histological staining (Nissl, somatostatin, parvalbumin) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for gene expression.
Assessment of hippocampal subfield volumes, neuron numbers, and interneuron markers.

Main Results:

No difference in total hippocampal neuron number between groups.
Bipolar disorder group exhibited reduced nonpyramidal cell layer volume and somal volume in cornu ammonis sector 2/3.
Significantly fewer somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons and reduced mRNA levels for key interneuron markers were observed in bipolar disorder.

Conclusions:

Bipolar disorder is associated with specific alterations in hippocampal interneurons.
These interneuron deficits likely contribute to hippocampal dysfunction in bipolar disorder.