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Updated: May 1, 2026

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity
Published on: June 25, 2015
Induction of unnatural immunity: prospects for a broadly protective universal influenza vaccine
Gary J Nabel1, Anthony S Fauci
1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. gnabel@nih.gov
Abstract:
The immune system normally responds to influenza virus by making neutralizing antibodies to regions of the viral spike, the hemagglutinin, that vary year to year. This natural response protects against circulating subtypes but necessitates production of new vaccines annually. Newer vaccine approaches have succeeded in eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies to highly conserved yet vulnerable regions of the hemagglutinin and suggest potential pathways for the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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