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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

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Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps
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Understanding selective oxidations.

Ulrich Neuenschwander1, Natascia Turrà, Christof Aellig

  • 1ETH Zürich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, HCI E123, CH-8093 Zürich.

Chimia
|December 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This mini-review addresses challenges in organic molecule oxyfunctionalization, focusing on preventing side reactions and over-oxidation. It aims to bridge the knowledge gap by summarizing previous work and detailing ongoing research in industrial oxidation processes.

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Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
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Monitoring the Reductive and Oxidative Half-Reactions of a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase using Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometry
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Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Oxyfunctionalization of C-H or C=C bonds is a key industrial chemical process.
  • Industrial oxidation often relies on empirical knowledge, lacking fundamental chemical understanding.
  • Preventing side reactions and over-oxidation is a major challenge in oxyfunctionalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To bridge the knowledge gap in industrial oxyfunctionalization chemistry.
  • To summarize previous research findings in the field.
  • To elaborate on ongoing research for tailored engineering environments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of previous experimental and theoretical studies.
  • Analysis of intrinsic chemistry in oxidation reactions.
  • Discussion of engineering strategies for process control.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key challenges in controlling selectivity and preventing over-oxidation.
  • Summary of effective strategies from prior research.
  • Insights into ongoing research for improved oxidation processes.

Conclusions:

  • Fundamental understanding is crucial for advancing industrial oxyfunctionalization.
  • Tailored engineering environments can mitigate side reactions and over-oxidation.
  • Continued research is needed to optimize oxidation technologies.