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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management01:25

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management

Pharmacologic intervention is crucial in treating cardiac arrest patients during ACLS or Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. The ACLS algorithms guide the administration of specific drugs based on the patient's cardiac arrest rhythm, which includes pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), asystole, and pulseless electrical activity (PEA).EpinephrineIndication: Epinephrine is the first-line drug for all cardiac arrest rhythms.Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery
09:47

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery

Published on: June 2, 2022

General anesthesia for children with severe heart failure.

Timothy W G Murphy1, Jon H Smith, Michael R B Ranger

  • 1Department of Paediatric Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK. tim.murphy@nuth.nhs.uk

Pediatric Cardiology
|December 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Anesthesia for pediatric severe heart failure poses risks, with 10% experiencing cardiac arrest. Perioperative inotropic support was common, highlighting the need for expert anesthetic management in critical pediatric cardiac care.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Severe heart failure in children is rare but poses significant anesthetic challenges.
  • Managing pediatric patients with severe heart failure requires specialized knowledge and careful planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of life-threatening hemodynamic instability during anesthesia for noncardiac procedures in children with severe heart failure.
  • To describe the anesthetic techniques employed in these high-risk pediatric patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of anesthetic records for children with severe heart failure (fractional shortening ≤15%) undergoing general anesthesia for noncardiac interventions.
  • Data collected over a 3-year period (September 2005–September 2008).

Main Results:

  • 21 children received 28 general anesthetics.
  • 10% of patients experienced cardiac arrest, requiring unplanned pediatric intensive care unit admission.
  • Perioperative inotropic support was necessary in 96% of cases.

Conclusions:

  • General anesthesia for children with severe heart failure is associated with a high complication rate.
  • Anesthetic management should be performed by specialists experienced in pediatric circulatory support in an appropriate setting.