Related Concept Videos
02:04Co-activators and Co-repressors
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
02:04Co-activators and Co-repressors
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
01:31Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
02:13Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators
Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
02:13Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators
Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
02:04Covalently Linked Protein Regulators
Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
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Nuclear receptor coactivators: structural and functional biochemistry.
Yaroslava A Bulynko1, Bert W O'Malley
1Molecular and Cellular Biology, BCM130 Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Biochemistry
|December 15, 2010
Summary
Nuclear receptors control gene transcription using coregulators. This review details nuclear receptor coactivators, their biochemical actions, and regulatory mechanisms in eukaryotic cells.
Area of Science:
- Molecular Biology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Eukaryotic transcription is a complex, regulated process involving macromolecular interactions.
- Nuclear receptors are key transcription factors that bind DNA to modulate gene expression.
- Transcription factor activity often requires accessory proteins known as coregulators.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current knowledge on nuclear receptor coactivators.
- To emphasize the biochemical mechanisms employed by coactivators.
- To discuss the regulatory processes governing coactivator function.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of scientific publications on nuclear receptors and coactivators.
- Analysis of biochemical pathways and protein interactions.
- Synthesis of information on coactivator regulation.
Main Results:
- Coregulators are diverse proteins that physically interact with transcription factors.
- Coactivators facilitate transcription activation through various biochemical mechanisms.
- Corepressors, in contrast, function to suppress transcription.
Conclusions:
- Nuclear receptor coactivators play a critical role in gene transcription.
- Understanding coactivator mechanisms and regulation is essential for deciphering gene expression control.
- Further research into coactivator function can illuminate therapeutic targets.