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Related Concept Videos

Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
06:51

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Published on: April 6, 2018

[A child's birthday with consequences].

H U Kerl1, K Zahn, A K Kilian

  • 1Abteilung für Neuroradiologie, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim. Ulrich.Kerl@umm.de

Der Radiologe
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiolucent foreign body ingestion in children is a diagnostic challenge. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for detecting non-visible objects and associated complications like mediastinal inflammation.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Emergency Medicine
  • Medical Imaging
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Foreign body ingestion is a frequent pediatric emergency.
  • Initial diagnostic imaging (X-ray) and endoscopy may fail to detect radiolucent foreign bodies.
  • Parapharyngeal localization can further complicate detection.

Observation:

  • A case of a child ingesting a radiolucent mini-candleholder is presented.
  • Initial radiological and endoscopic evaluations were inconclusive.
  • The foreign body was ultimately identified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Findings:

  • MRI successfully visualized the radiolucent foreign body in the parapharyngeal region.
  • The imaging also revealed co-existing acute mediastinal inflammation.
  • This highlights the limitations of conventional methods for certain foreign bodies.

Implications:

  • MRI should be considered in pediatric cases of suspected foreign body ingestion when initial investigations are negative.
  • Early detection of radiolucent foreign bodies can prevent serious complications.
  • This case underscores the importance of advanced imaging in pediatric emergencies.