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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Published on: June 7, 2019

Coupling effects in optical metamaterials.

Na Liu¹, Harald Giessen

¹Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|December 15, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional metamaterials exhibit unique optical properties due to coupling effects. Understanding these interactions is key to advancing metamaterial applications in photonics.

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Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

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Published on: November 21, 2019

Area of Science:

Photonics
Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

Metamaterials have garnered significant interest in photonics, building upon foundational work in negative refractive index, invisibility cloaking, and perfect lensing.
Practical applications necessitate the development of three-dimensional metamaterials.
The optical and electronic properties of metamaterials are significantly influenced by coupling effects between their constituent elements.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the fundamental coupling mechanisms governing the optical and electronic properties of three-dimensional metamaterials.
To elucidate the role of electric and magnetic multipolar coupling in metamaterial behavior at optical frequencies.
To provide an intuitive framework for understanding the transition from molecular to solid-state-like properties in metamaterials.

Main Methods:

Analysis of electric and magnetic dipolar and higher-order multipolar coupling.
Examination of both longitudinal and transverse coupling effects based on structural composition.
Application of the plasmon hybridization model to interpret coupling phenomena.

Main Results:

Metamaterials exhibit both electric and magnetic responses at optical frequencies.
Coupling effects, including longitudinal and transverse interactions, are crucial for determining material properties.
The interplay of various coupling effects can be intuitively understood through plasmon hybridization.

Conclusions:

Understanding the intricate coupling effects in three-dimensional metamaterials is essential for their practical application in photonics.
Plasmons hybridization provides a valuable conceptual tool for analyzing the complex interactions within metamaterials.
The study offers insights into the evolution of metamaterial properties from discrete, molecule-like states to continuous, solid-state-like bands.