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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Neurons are the main type of cell in the nervous system that generate and transmit electrochemical signals. They primarily communicate with each other using neurotransmitters at specific junctions called synapses. Neurons come in many shapes that often relate to their function, but most share three main structures: an axon and dendrites that extend out from a cell body.
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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...

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Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains
10:08

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Published on: June 8, 2018

Interneurons in the developing human neocortex.

Nada Zecevic1, Frances Hu, Igor Jakovcevski

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA. nzecevic@neuron.uchc.edu

Developmental Neurobiology
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human cortical interneuron development is complex, originating from ganglionic eminences and later the neocortical subventricular zone. This complexity may support advanced human brain functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cortical interneurons are vital for brain function, providing inhibitory control to projection neurons.
  • Dysfunction of interneurons is implicated in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
  • Human cortical interneuron development remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origins and developmental trajectory of human cortical interneurons.
  • To compare human interneuron development with that observed in rodents.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemical analysis of human embryonic brain tissue at 5 and 20 gestation weeks (gw).
  • Utilized antibodies for calretinin, calbindin, and GABA to label early neuronal populations.
  • Examined cell distribution and proliferation in various cortical and subcortical regions.

Main Results:

  • Early human cortical interneurons (5 gw) are labeled by calretinin, calbindin, and GABA, originating from ganglionic eminences (GE).
  • A second progenitor pool for interneurons emerges in the neocortical subventricular zone (SVZ) by mid-term (20 gw).
  • Neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and parvalbumin expressing interneurons are rare at mid-term.

Conclusions:

  • Human cortical interneuron development involves multiple progenitor sources, including GE and neocortical SVZ, and potentially the subpial granular layer.
  • The human interneuron progenitor system is more complex than in rodents.
  • This increased complexity is a likely evolutionary adaptation for higher cognitive functions in humans.