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The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins01:32

Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins

Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular cargos...
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells
10:46

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

Published on: February 2, 2022

Bidirectional power stroke by ncd kinesin.

Anthony E Butterfield1, Russell J Stewart, Christoph F Schmidt

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. tony3.1416@gmail.com

Biophysical Journal
|December 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new Kalman filtering method to analyze molecular motor dynamics. The approach reveals previously hidden details about kinesin-14 motor protein power strokes, including unexpected plus-directed movements.

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Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis

Published on: October 30, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells
10:46

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

Published on: February 2, 2022

Assembling Molecular Shuttles Powered by Reversibly Attached Kinesins
08:04

Assembling Molecular Shuttles Powered by Reversibly Attached Kinesins

Published on: January 26, 2019

Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis
11:09

Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis

Published on: October 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Mechanics

Background:

  • Optical trapping is crucial for studying molecular motor dynamics.
  • Ensemble averaging of noisy data can obscure rare motor event subtypes.
  • Understanding kinesin motor protein function is vital for cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel analysis method for discriminating between different types of molecular motor events.
  • To apply this method to optical trap measurements of Drosophila kinesin-14 ncd (ncd).
  • To investigate the temporal structure and subtypes of ncd power strokes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Kalman filtering for measurement analysis.
  • Employed model-based estimation of motor head power strokes.
  • Implemented automatic event classification for motor event discrimination.
  • Applied the method to optical trap data of ncd in a three-bead geometry.

Main Results:

  • The majority of ncd events were consistent with previously known minus-end directed power strokes.
  • Unexpectedly, 30% of apparent power strokes were plus-directed.
  • 6% of binding events did not result in a discernible power stroke.
  • Ensemble averaging by event category showed distinct sizes and timing for plus- and minus-directed strokes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Kalman filtering method effectively discriminates between rare and common molecular motor events.
  • Drosophila kinesin-14 ncd exhibits a higher proportion of plus-directed power strokes than previously recognized.
  • The timing and size of plus- and minus-directed strokes differ, providing new insights into ncd mechanics.