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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index
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Longitudinal evidence for diminished frontal cortex function in aging.

Lars Nyberg1, Alireza Salami, Mikael Andersson

  • 1Department of Integrative Medical Biology (Physiology), Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden. lars.nyberg@physiol.umu.se

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Longitudinal studies reveal true age-related frontal brain changes, unlike cross-sectional methods. This neurocognitive aging research highlights age-related decline in frontal brain volume and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Aging Research

Background:

  • Cross-sectional studies are commonly used to estimate age-related changes in brain structure and function.
  • However, these estimates may not accurately reflect true age-related changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare cross-sectional and longitudinal estimates of age-related changes in brain structure and function.
  • To challenge contemporary models of neurocognitive aging based on cross-sectional data.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of cross-sectional data with 6-year longitudinal data.
  • Analysis of brain structure and function in relation to aging.

Main Results:

  • Longitudinal approach showed increased sensitivity and qualitative differences compared to cross-sectional approach.
  • Cross-sectional data suggested frontal overrecruitment with age, while longitudinal data revealed frontal underrecruitment.
  • Observed frontal overrecruitment in cross-sectional analysis was due to a select elderly sample that showed reduced frontal recruitment over time.

Conclusions:

  • Findings dispute inferences of true age changes based solely on age differences.
  • Demonstrates age-related decline in frontal brain volume and functional response.
  • Challenges current neurocognitive aging models that rely on cross-sectional data.