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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Published on: September 18, 2018

Visual recognition memory across contexts.

Emily J H Jones¹, Olivier Pascalis, Madeline J Eacott

¹Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK.

Developmental Science

|December 17, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Infants develop flexible visual recognition memory with age. Familiarizing infants with an item on multiple backgrounds at any age improves recognition across different contexts.

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Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

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Published on: November 14, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

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Published on: September 18, 2018

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Developmental psychology
Cognitive neuroscience
Infant cognition

Background:

Infants' visual recognition memory develops significantly during the first two years of life.
Representational flexibility allows infants to recognize objects across different contexts.
The Visual Paired Comparison (VPC) task is a standard method for assessing infant recognition memory.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the development of representational flexibility in infant visual recognition memory.
To determine the age at which infants can decouple object recognition from contextual changes.
To examine the role of encoding experience in overcoming representational limitations.

Main Methods:

Two experiments using the Visual Paired Comparison (VPC) task with infants aged 6 to 18 months.
Experiment 1: Tested recognition memory across a change of room.
Experiment 2: Familiarized infants with stimuli on multiple backgrounds to assess encoding effects.

Main Results:

6- and 9-month-olds recognized objects only when familiarization and testing occurred in the same room.
12- and 18-month-olds recognized objects regardless of room changes.
All tested infants (6-18 months) showed recognition across background changes when familiarized with multiple backgrounds.

Conclusions:

Representational flexibility in visual recognition memory develops across infancy, with context independence emerging around 12 months.
Encoding an item across diverse contexts enhances representational flexibility, even in younger infants.
Developmental changes are likely influenced by the maturation of the hippocampal formation and learning experiences.