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Related Concept Videos

Tuberculosis01:23

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:

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An Automated Culture System for Use in Preclinical Testing of Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis
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An Automated Culture System for Use in Preclinical Testing of Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis

Published on: August 16, 2021

Changing trends in childhood tuberculosis.

Aparna Mukherjee1, Rakesh Lodha, S K Kabra

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|December 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculosis epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment have evolved, with HIV and drug resistance posing challenges, especially for children. New diagnostic tools and strategies like DOTS are improving outcomes for childhood tuberculosis.

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Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates
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Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

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An Automated Culture System for Use in Preclinical Testing of Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis
09:34

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Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates
10:04

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Published on: September 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment have undergone significant changes.
  • The co-occurrence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic and the rise of drug-resistant TB present substantial global health challenges.
  • Increasing adult TB cases and HIV spread are projected to elevate childhood TB infection rates, particularly in developing nations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving landscape of tuberculosis, focusing on challenges and advancements in diagnosis and treatment, especially in pediatric populations.
  • To highlight the impact of HIV and drug resistance on TB epidemiology and clinical management.
  • To discuss the progress and limitations of novel diagnostic techniques and treatment strategies for childhood TB.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological trends, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic advancements in tuberculosis.
  • Analysis of the impact of HIV co-infection and drug resistance on TB incidence and outcomes.
  • Evaluation of current and emerging diagnostic modalities, including nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs).
  • Review of established and novel treatment strategies, such as short-course chemotherapy and Directly Observed Treatment Strategy (DOTS).

Main Results:

  • Childhood TB accounts for a significant proportion of TB deaths (8-20%), with an estimated annual infection risk of 2.5% in developing countries.
  • Extrapulmonary and disseminated TB, particularly in HIV-infected children, have increased over the past two decades.
  • Drug-resistant TB, including multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant strains (XDR-TB), has seen a gradual increase, with resistance rates varying widely geographically.
  • Advancements in diagnostics like fluorescence LED microscopy, improved culture techniques, NAATs, and IGRAs aim to improve childhood TB diagnosis, though challenges like cost and expertise remain.
  • Short-course chemotherapy and DOTS are established effective strategies, with DOTS-Plus introduced for MDR-TB.

Conclusions:

  • The changing dynamics of TB necessitate continuous adaptation of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
  • HIV co-infection and drug resistance significantly complicate TB management, especially in children.
  • While new diagnostic tools show promise, their accessibility and applicability in pediatric TB require further evaluation and development.
  • Effective implementation of strategies like DOTS and DOTS-Plus is crucial for controlling TB, particularly drug-resistant forms.