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The Availability Heuristic01:08

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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the $2,000...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

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Underestimating numerosity of items in visual search tasks.

Daniel N Cassenti1, Troy D Kelley, Thomas G Ghirardelli

  • 1U.S. Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-HRS-E, Building 459, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA. daniel.cassenti@us.army.mil

Perceptual and Motor Skills
|December 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Estimating the number of unattended items during visual search is often underestimated. This underestimation is linked to how items are grouped, not just their proximity or display size.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Human Attention

Background:

  • Numerosity judgments typically focus on attended items.
  • Underestimation of unattended items in visual search tasks is a less explored area.
  • Existing theories suggest display size or item proximity influence quantity estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underestimation of unattended items in visual search.
  • To test the influence of distracter size, target distance, and item clustering on numerosity judgments.
  • To determine the primary factors contributing to underestimation errors for unattended visual items.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental manipulations involving distracter size, target-fixation distance, and item clustering.
  • Visual search tasks were employed to assess numerosity judgments of unattended items.
  • Data analysis focused on identifying patterns in underestimation errors based on experimental conditions.

Main Results:

  • Underestimation of unattended items was observed.
  • Item clustering significantly influenced the degree of underestimation.
  • Gestalt grouping principles provided the most robust explanation for the observed underestimation effects.

Conclusions:

  • The underestimation of unattended items in visual search is influenced by perceptual grouping.
  • Gestalt principles, particularly grouping, are crucial for understanding numerosity judgments of non-foveal items.
  • Future research should consider grouping phenomena when examining visual attention and quantity estimation.