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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

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Response to Eriksson et al A randomized, controlled trial comparing the immunogenicity and safety of a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination to a repeated dose 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in kidney transplant recipients.

Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society·2020
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Vaccine Hesitancy and Refusal.

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Editorial.

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Efflux: how bacteria use pumps to control their microenvironment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
06:06

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Global prevailing and emerging pediatric pneumococcal serotypes.

E David G McIntosh1, Ralf R Reinert

  • 1Novartis Vaccines, Hullenbergweg 83-85, Amsterdam 1101CL, The Netherlands. david.mcintosh@novartis.com

Expert Review of Vaccines
|December 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7) reduced invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). However, non-PCV7 serotypes (NVTs) are increasing, necessitating ongoing monitoring of emerging strains like 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A.

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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
09:11

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Published on: September 25, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
06:06

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
11:32

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
09:11

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Published on: September 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric infectious diseases
  • Vaccinology
  • Microbial epidemiology

Background:

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae causes significant global child mortality.
  • The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) reduced invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence.
  • Emerging non-PCV7 vaccine serotypes (NVTs) are increasingly causing IPD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a global summary of prevailing and emerging NVT serotypes causing IPD in children.
  • To assess the impact of PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 on IPD serotypes.
  • To highlight the need for ongoing surveillance of NVT seroprevalence.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive global literature review.
  • Analysis of seroepidemiological data on IPD.
  • Summary of prevailing and emerging NVT serotypes.

Main Results:

  • Globally emerging or persistent NVTs include serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A.
  • PCV10 and PCV13 cover significant proportions of disease burden in developed countries (65-85% and 80-90%, respectively).
  • Increased IPD incidence due to NVTs is reported post-PCV7 introduction.

Conclusions:

  • NVTs pose a growing challenge to pneumococcal disease control.
  • Current vaccines (PCV10, PCV13) cover a substantial disease burden but do not eliminate NVT risk.
  • Continuous monitoring of NVT seroprevalence is crucial for public health strategies.