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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Cancer02:18

Cancer

Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Parathyroid cancer.

John M Sharretts1, Electron Kebebew, William F Simonds

  • 1Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892–1752, USA.

Seminars in Oncology
|December 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parathyroid cancer, a rare cause of hyperparathyroidism, often involves HRPT2/CDC73 gene mutations. Genetic testing is crucial for patients and families to guide management and screening for this uncommon malignancy.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Parathyroid cancer is a rare malignancy causing primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), associated with high morbidity and mortality, often due to severe hypercalcemia.
  • Inactivation of the HRPT2/CDC73 gene, encoding parafibromin, is a frequent event in parathyroid cancers, linked to the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome.
  • Germline HRPT2/CDC73 mutations are found in about 25% of sporadic parathyroid cancer cases, necessitating genetic screening for affected individuals and their relatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of parathyroid cancer.
  • To emphasize the role of HRPT2/CDC73 gene analysis in diagnosis and family screening.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic strategies for parathyroid carcinoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on parathyroid cancer.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria, including histopathology and immunohistochemistry for parafibromin.
  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes for surgical and medical interventions.

Main Results:

  • HRPT2/CDC73 gene mutations are common in parathyroid cancer, with germline mutations impacting familial risk.
  • Histopathologic diagnosis can be challenging; loss of parafibromin expression via immunohistochemistry shows diagnostic promise.
  • Surgical resection is the primary curative approach, while medical management with cinacalcet and bisphosphonates can control hypercalcemia in advanced cases.

Conclusions:

  • Germline DNA analysis for HRPT2/CDC73 mutations is recommended for all parathyroid cancer patients to identify at-risk relatives.
  • Early diagnosis and en bloc resection offer the best chance of cure; adjuvant therapies are under investigation.
  • Management of hypercalcemia is critical, with calcimimetics and bisphosphonates playing a key role in palliative care.