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Related Concept Videos

Metacognition01:26

Metacognition

Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...

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Related Experiment Video

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Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
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Metacognition in monkeys during an oculomotor task.

Paul G Middlebrooks1, Marc A Sommer

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. pgm7@pitt.edu

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|December 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Rhesus monkeys demonstrate metacognition, the ability to reflect on their own decisions, using a novel visual task. This research supports metacognitive abilities in primates and aids neurophysiological studies.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Primate Behavior
  • Animal Cognition

Background:

  • Metacognition, or awareness of one's own cognitive states, is crucial for adaptive behavior.
  • Investigating metacognition in non-human primates offers insights into its evolutionary origins and neural underpinnings.
  • Previous studies suggest metacognitive abilities in primates, but tasks suitable for neurophysiological recording are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate metacognition in rhesus monkeys using a reduced visual oculomotor task.
  • To develop a task amenable to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electrophysiology.
  • To quantitatively assess metacognitive behavior using signal detection theory.

Main Methods:

  • A two-stage visual oculomotor task involving decision-making and subsequent betting.
  • Punctate visual stimulation and saccadic eye movement responses.
  • Trial-by-trial analysis and signal detection theory to define and measure metacognition.

Main Results:

  • Two rhesus monkeys learned to base their bets on their decisions, indicating advantageous betting.
  • Both monkeys exhibited metacognition according to quantitative criteria, relying on internal decision traces.
  • Learning involved a transition from random to decision-based betting strategies over approximately 10 sessions.

Conclusions:

  • Rhesus monkeys display metacognitive abilities in a task suitable for neurophysiological investigation.
  • The findings reinforce the presence of metacognition in primates.
  • This research provides a foundation for future neurophysiological studies of metacognitive functions.