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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells, including...
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). It is perhaps unsurprising, that many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
07:20

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

Published on: January 31, 2025

Autophagy basics.

Isei Tanida1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan. tanida@nih.go.jp

Microbiology and Immunology
|December 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy is a cellular process crucial for degrading components and initiating immune responses against pathogens. This review details core autophagy complexes and their roles in viral and bacterial infections.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Autophagy, or macroautophagy, is a fundamental cellular process involving the degradation of cytosolic components.
  • It plays a critical role in intracellular defense against viral and bacterial infections by initiating innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Viruses exhibit complex interactions with autophagy, with some blocking the process and others exploiting it for replication and spread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationships between core autophagy-related (Atg) complexes and the dynamic membrane processes involved in autophagy.
  • To describe the molecular machinery governing autophagy, including key protein complexes and regulatory factors.
  • To discuss critical methods for monitoring autophagy, such as the use of GFP-tagged proteins.

Main Methods:

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Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body
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Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body

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Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
09:00

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond

Published on: July 27, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
07:20

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

Published on: January 31, 2025

Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body
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Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body

Published on: August 4, 2022

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
09:00

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond

Published on: July 27, 2013

  • Literature review focusing on autophagy mechanisms and viral interactions.
  • Detailed description of core autophagy-related (Atg) complexes: ULK1 kinase, Atg9-WIPI-1, Vps34-beclin1 PI3-kinase, and Atg12/LC3 conjugation systems.
  • Discussion of contributing factors like PI(3)-binding proteins, PI3-phosphatases, and Rab proteins.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy involves dynamic membrane formation and fusion, regulated by specific Atg complexes.
  • Understanding these complexes is key to comprehending cellular responses to pathogens.
  • Monitoring autophagy is essential, with GFP-LC3 and GFP-Atg5 serving as important tools.

Conclusions:

  • The core autophagy machinery, including various Atg complexes, is central to cellular homeostasis and defense.
  • Autophagy's intricate interplay with viral and bacterial pathogens highlights its significance in infectious diseases.
  • Effective monitoring techniques are vital for further research into autophagy's multifaceted roles.