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Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants
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Telomere truncation in plants.

Chunhui Xu1, Weichang Yu

  • 1Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong, China.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Telomere repeats can truncate maize chromosomes, creating minichromosomes for genetic studies and engineering. This protocol details Agrobacterium- and biolistic-mediated transformations for telomere integration and chromosome truncation.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Telomeres are protective DNA sequences at chromosome ends, crucial for stability.
  • Integrating telomere sequences can lead to chromosome instability and de novo telomere formation.
  • Telomere repeats offer a method for chromosome truncation and minichromosome generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a protocol for telomere truncation of maize chromosomes.
  • To enable the generation of minichromosomes for genetic research and engineering applications.
  • To investigate telomere-mediated chromosome truncation via genetic transformation.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic transformation of maize chromosomes with telomere-containing constructs.
  • Utilizing both Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic transformation methods.
  • Inducing telomere-mediated chromosome truncation.

Main Results:

  • Successful telomere truncation of maize chromosomes was achieved.
  • Generated minichromosomes can be utilized for further studies.
  • The protocol provides a reproducible method for creating engineered chromosomes.

Conclusions:

  • Telomere truncation is a viable method for generating minichromosomes in maize.
  • This protocol facilitates chromosome studies and genetic engineering applications.
  • Engineered minichromosomes hold potential for advanced genetic manipulation in plants.