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Related Concept Videos

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:19

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview

Nonlinear or dose-dependent pharmacokinetics is a phenomenon that occurs when the pharmacokinetic parameters of certain drugs deviate from linear pharmacokinetics at higher doses. These drugs do not follow the expected first-order kinetics, where the rate of drug elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration. Instead, they exhibit a nonlinear relationship, which can be attributed to several factors.
Nonlinearity can arise due to the saturation of plasma protein-binding or...
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity01:22

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity

Nonlinearity in drug pharmacokinetics is caused by various factors influencing how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Understanding these nonlinear processes is crucial for predicting drug behavior in the body and optimizing drug dosing regimens.
Nonlinear drug absorption can occur when the process is rate-limited by solubility, carrier-mediated transport systems, or saturation of the presystemic gut wall or hepatic metabolism. For instance, high doses of riboflavin...
Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
The...
Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model01:13

Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model

Drugs administered through various routes can lead to nonlinear elimination, resulting in complex pharmacokinetic behaviors crucial to understanding efficacious drug dosing.
When a drug is administered through a constant intravenous infusion and eliminated via nonlinear pharmacokinetics, it follows zero-order input. For example, oral drugs undergo first-order absorption upon administration and are eliminated through nonlinear pharmacokinetics.
In the case of subcutaneously administered drugs,...

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Biomolecular Imaging of Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles using Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy
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Pharmaceutical applications of non-linear imaging.

Clare J Strachan1, Maike Windbergs, Herman L Offerhaus

  • 1School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. clare.j.strachan@otago.ac.nz

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|December 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Non-linear optical imaging offers label-free, high-resolution visualization of pharmaceutical systems in aqueous environments. This technique provides chemical specificity for drug delivery and biopharmaceutical research.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Non-linear optics (NLO) encompasses phenomena like two- and three-photon fluorescence, second harmonic generation (SHG), sum frequency generation (SFG), difference frequency generation (DFG), third harmonic generation (THG), coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS).
  • These NLO techniques offer label-free imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution, chemical specificity, and the ability to operate in aqueous environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of non-linear optical phenomena for imaging complex pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical systems.
  • To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of NLO imaging in the pharmaceutical context.
  • To explore current research and future potential of NLO technology in pharmaceutical investigations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on non-linear optical phenomena and their applications in pharmaceutical imaging.
  • Analysis of the benefits and limitations of NLO techniques for material characterization, drug release studies, and distribution analysis.
  • Discussion of case studies and emerging trends in biopharmaceutical research utilizing NLO imaging.

Main Results:

  • NLO imaging provides unique insights into pharmaceutical systems due to its inherent chemical and structural specificity.
  • Label-free imaging capabilities reduce experimental complexity and potential artifacts in biological samples.
  • High resolution and aqueous compatibility enable detailed studies of drug behavior in relevant environments, including live cells and tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Non-linear optical imaging is a powerful, versatile tool for pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical research, offering significant advantages over conventional methods.
  • Its application spans material characterization, drug delivery analysis, and in vivo/in vitro distribution studies.
  • Further development and adoption of NLO techniques hold great promise for advancing drug discovery and development.