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Obesity

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Multidisciplinary Approach to Obesity Management: A Case Report

Multidisciplinary Approach to Obesity Management: A Case Report

Published on: May 30, 2025

Obesity in pregnancy: problems and potential solutions.

Jason R McKnight¹, M Carey Satterfield, Xilong Li

¹Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA. jrm001@tamu.edu

Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition)

|January 4, 2011

Summary

Maternal obesity during pregnancy increases risks for gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. Safe interventions like diet, exercise, and certain supplements can improve maternal and fetal health, with animal models aiding research.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Health
Metabolic Disorders
Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

Maternal obesity prevalence is rising globally, posing significant health risks.
Obesity in pregnancy is linked to gestational diabetes, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and adverse fetal outcomes like macrosomia and congenital abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To review strategies for reducing maternal adiposity during pregnancy.
To highlight the benefits of weight management for maternal and fetal well-being.
To explore therapeutic interventions for gestational obesity.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on maternal obesity management.
Discussion of lifestyle interventions: calorie restriction and moderate exercise.
Exploration of pharmacological and nutritional supplement strategies (AMPK activators, L-arginine, L-citrulline).
Emphasis on the necessity of animal models for ethical research.

Main Results:

Calorie restriction and moderate exercise are established safe methods to manage weight gain and reduce white fat in pregnant individuals.
Therapeutic drugs targeting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling show potential for managing obesity-related pathological conditions.
L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation may aid in reducing white fat accretion in overweight or obese pregnant women.

Conclusions:

Reducing maternal adiposity, even modestly, offers significant health benefits for both mother and fetus.
Lifestyle modifications, pharmacological agents, and specific nutritional supplements represent promising avenues for managing gestational obesity.
Animal models are crucial for advancing research and testing novel interventions due to ethical considerations in human pregnancy studies.