Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 5, 2026
07:52
Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
Published on: June 2, 2015
Pharmacologic preconditioning: translating the promise.
1Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO 63110.
Translational Stroke Research
|January 4, 2011
Summary
Preconditioning stimuli can establish brain ischemic tolerance, a resistance to stroke. This review covers various drugs that promote this protective effect in preclinical models, suggesting potential for clinical use.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Pharmacology
- Stroke Research
Background:
- Ischemic tolerance is a transient brain resistance to ischemia.
- It can be induced by noninjurious preconditioning stimuli.
- Early studies used ischemia/hypoxia; later, pharmacologic agents were found effective.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review drugs that promote ischemic tolerance.
- To highlight their mechanistic characterization in preclinical stroke models.
- To assess the translational potential of pharmacologic preconditioning.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of preclinical studies on pharmacologic preconditioning.
- Analysis of drug-induced ischemic tolerance in animal models of stroke.
- Assessment of mechanistic data and clinical relevance.
Main Results:
- A wide variety of drugs are identified as effective preconditioning agents.
- Mechanisms of action for some drugs have been characterized.
- Several preconditioning drugs are already approved for other clinical indications.
Conclusions:
- Pharmacologic preconditioning is a promising strategy for stroke protection.
- Further research is needed to validate specific agents for clinical use.
- Existing clinically approved drugs offer a justified basis for translational enthusiasm.
Related Concept Videos
01:21Pharmacodynamics: Overview and Principles
Pharmacodynamics is a scientific field that delves into drugs' intricate biochemical, cellular, and physiological effects on the human body. The study of pharmacodynamics helps us understand how drugs interact with the body and elicit various responses.
Most drugs' effects result from their interactions with drug receptors or targets within the body. These interactions trigger specific responses at the cellular or systemic level. Drug receptors can be found on the surfaces of cells or within...
Most drugs' effects result from their interactions with drug receptors or targets within the body. These interactions trigger specific responses at the cellular or systemic level. Drug receptors can be found on the surfaces of cells or within...
01:29Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets
Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
01:15Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions
PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF).
01:24Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems
The empirical approach to drug therapy optimization relies on correlating pharmacological response with administered dosage. Such an approach can be costly, time-consuming, and often yields poor correlation due to variables like formulation factors and drug elimination characteristics. A more precise approach correlates response with plasma drug concentration or the amount of drug in the body, rather than dosage. This is achieved through pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling, which...
01:28Preclinical Development: Overview
Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
01:20Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis
Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
Several...
Several...