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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of base added during titration. Here, a...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...

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Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
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Published on: October 27, 2018

A second polymorph with composition Co(3)(PO(4))(2)·H(2)O.

Young Hoon Lee, Jack K Clegg, Leonard F Lindoy

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers synthesized single crystals of tricobalt(II) bis-[ortho-phosphate(V)] monohydrate, a new polymorph. This cobalt phosphate hydrate features unique distorted tetrahedral and octahedral cobalt coordination within a framework structure.

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    Published on: December 24, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Inorganic Chemistry
    • Crystallography
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Tricobalt(II) bis-[ortho-phosphate(V)] monohydrate (Co3(PO4)2·H2O) is known, but its polymorphic forms require further investigation.
    • Understanding different crystal structures is crucial for predicting material properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To synthesize and characterize a new polymorph of Co3(PO4)2·H2O.
    • To elucidate the crystal structure and coordination environment of cobalt ions in this new phase.

    Main Methods:

    • Single crystals of Co3(PO4)2·H2O were obtained using hydrothermal synthesis.
    • The crystal structure was determined, revealing coordination geometries and bonding.

    Main Results:

    • The study identified the second polymorph of Co3(PO4)2·H2O, which is isotypic with the zinc analogue.
    • Three distinct Co(II) cations were observed: two with distorted tetrahedral coordination and one with a distorted [5+1] octahedral environment.
    • A framework structure was formed through bridging orthophosphate anions and coordination with water molecules.

    Conclusions:

    • The new polymorph of Co3(PO4)2·H2O exhibits complex coordination chemistry with unique Co(II) environments.
    • The framework structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, contributing to the overall crystal architecture.