Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic...

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Lysozyme revisited: evaluating models of a reference protein in structural biology.

Current research in structural biology·2026

Same author

Intradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase Tetur07g05930 originating from major agricultural pest Tetranychus urticae is active in monomeric and dimeric forms.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications·2026

Same author

Molecular sensitization patterns to mammalian allergens - possible impact on diagnostics and therapy.

Molecular immunology·2026

Same author

Crystallographic and EPR-based characterisation of Cu<sup>2+</sup>-binding to serum albumin: ATCUN coordination and additional sites.

Inorganic chemistry frontiers·2026

Same author

Investigation of Molecular and Structural Properties of Two Mu-class GSTs From Tetranychus urticae.

Journal of molecular biology·2026

Same author

Calcium-binding proteins as allergens.

Frontiers in allergy·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Published on: March 2, 2020

2,3-Difluoro-benzoic acid.

Aleksandra A Knapik¹, Wladek Minor, Maksymilian Chruszcz

¹University of Virginia, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 5, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

2,3-Difluoro-benzoic acid molecules form stable dimers through hydrogen bonds. These dimers then stack together, further stabilized by weak interactions between carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, and oxygen atoms.

More Related Videos

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Published on: August 19, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Visualization of Bacterial Resistance using Fluorescent Antibiotic Probes

Published on: March 2, 2020

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Published on: August 19, 2013

Area of Science:

Crystallography and Molecular Interactions
Organic Chemistry

Background:

2,3-Difluoro-benzoic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula C(7)H(4)F(2)O(2).
Understanding the intermolecular interactions of such molecules is crucial for predicting their solid-state structures and properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the self-assembly and crystal packing of 2,3-Difluoro-benzoic acid.
To identify the key non-covalent interactions stabilizing the observed structure.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of intermolecular contacts, including hydrogen bonds and weaker interactions, was performed.

Main Results:

2,3-Difluoro-benzoic acid molecules form centrosymmetric dimers.
These dimers are stabilized by a strong intermolecular hydrogen bond between the carboxylic acid groups.
The dimers stack into columns, which are further associated through weaker C-H⋯F and C-H⋯O interactions.

Conclusions:

Hydrogen bonding is the primary interaction driving the formation of dimers in 2,3-Difluoro-benzoic acid.
Weaker C-H⋯F and C-H⋯O interactions play a significant role in the three-dimensional crystal packing, stabilizing the stacked dimer arrangement.