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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene01:17

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
08:12

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Published on: August 16, 2018

N'-[1-(2-Fur-yl)ethen-yl]propanohydrazide.

Huan-Mei Guo1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Weifang College, Weifang 261061, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A novel molecule, C(9)H(12)N(2)O(2), was synthesized from acetyl-furan and propionylhydrazine. Its crystal structure reveals a nearly planar form stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • The synthesis of novel organic compounds is crucial for developing new materials and pharmaceuticals.
  • Understanding molecular structure and intermolecular interactions provides insights into chemical properties and reactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a new chemical entity, C(9)H(12)N(2)O(2).
  • To elucidate the molecular geometry and crystal packing of the synthesized compound.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical synthesis involving the reaction of acetyl-furan and propionylhydrazine.
  • X-ray crystallography to determine the crystal structure and molecular conformation.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of the title compound C(9)H(12)N(2)O(2).

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
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A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Published on: August 16, 2018

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

  • The molecular structure, excluding hydrogen atoms, was found to be approximately planar.
  • The crystal lattice is stabilized by intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

    • Conclusions:

    • The study reports the synthesis and structural characterization of a new organic compound.
    • The observed planarity and hydrogen bonding provide fundamental data for this class of molecules.