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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Robinson annulation is a base-catalyzed reaction for the synthesis of 2-cyclohexenone derivatives from 1,3-dicarbonyl donors (such as cyclic diketones, β-ketoesters, or β-diketones) and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl acceptors. Named after Sir Robert Robinson, who discovered it, this reaction yields a six-membered ring with three new C–C bonds (two σ bonds and one π bond).
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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

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6,7-Dimeth-oxy-1,4-anthraquinone.

Chitoshi Kitamura1, Naoki Akamatsu, Akio Yoneda

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The crystal structure of C(16)H(12)O(4) reveals an almost planar molecule with slightly twisted methoxy groups. Molecules pack in a herringbone pattern with significant pi-pi stacking interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Anthraquinone derivatives are important in various chemical applications.
  • Understanding molecular packing and intermolecular interactions is crucial for material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound C(16)H(12)O(4).
  • To analyze the molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions in the solid state.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of torsion angles and intermolecular distances provided insights into molecular geometry and packing.

Main Results:

  • The molecule C(16)H(12)O(4) exhibits a nearly planar anthraquinone core.
  • Methoxy groups show slight deviations from planarity with specific torsion angles.
  • A herringbone crystal packing arrangement was observed.
  • Face-to-face slipped anti-parallel pi-pi stacking interactions occur along the b axis with an inter-planar distance of 3.278 Å.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a detailed structural characterization of C(16)H(12)O(4).
  • The observed pi-pi stacking interactions are significant for understanding the compound's solid-state behavior and potential applications.