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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent groups, ethers can be classified into two...
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides02:38

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain is more in the ring having a smaller number of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

(E)-1-(3-Methoxy-phen-yl)ethanone 4-nitro-phenyl-hydrazone.

Zheng Fan, Shang Shan, Shan-Heng Wang

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a compound formed from 4-nitro-phenyl-hydrazine and 3-methoxy-acetophenone. The molecule exhibits an E configuration and forms chains through hydrogen bonding.

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    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
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    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

    Published on: January 3, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding the three-dimensional structure of organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
    • Condensation reactions are fundamental in organic synthesis for forming new carbon-nitrogen bonds.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the self-assembly and structural organization of crystalline materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the compound synthesized from 4-nitro-phenyl-hydrazine and 3-methoxy-acetophenone.
    • To analyze the molecular geometry, including dihedral angles and the configuration around the C=N double bond.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, that govern the crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic arrangement within the crystal lattice.
    • The synthesis involved a condensation reaction between 4-nitro-phenyl-hydrazine and 3-methoxy-acetophenone.
    • Crystal structure analysis included bond length, bond angle, and dihedral angle calculations, as well as hydrogen bond analysis.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(15)H(15)N(3)O(3) was successfully determined.
    • A slight twist between the methoxy-phenyl and nitro-phenyl-hydrazine planes was observed, with a dihedral angle of 14.81(8)°.
    • The molecule adopts an E configuration around the C=N double bond, with nitro and methoxy groups being coplanar with their respective benzene rings.
    • Adjacent molecules form chains along the [101] direction through N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure provides detailed insights into the molecular conformation and packing of this specific organic compound.
    • The observed E configuration and dihedral angle are important stereochemical features of the molecule.
    • The N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding network dictates the formation of one-dimensional chains, influencing the bulk properties of the crystalline material.