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Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation

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Benzaldehyde, like formaldehyde, lacks an α hydrogen and cannot enolize to form an enolate. Hence, the reaction of benzaldehyde with a ketone in the presence of an aqueous base forms a single crossed product. This reaction is referred to as Claisen–Schmidt condensation.
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Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

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Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
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Common Names of Aldehydes and Ketones

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Some common aldehydes and ketones are popularly known by their common names used historically and predate the IUPAC nomenclature.
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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

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2,3,4-Trihydroxy-benzaldehyde.

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 5, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigates the crystal structure of a compound, revealing intramolecular hydrogen bonds within molecules and a 3D network formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The findings detail the specific hydrogen bonding interactions in the crystal lattice.

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Area of Science:

Crystallography
Molecular Structure
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for materials science.
Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in crystal engineering and material properties.
The specific compound C(7)H(6)O(4) has not been previously characterized in detail regarding its solid-state structure.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound C(7)H(6)O(4).
To identify and characterize intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding patterns.
To describe the resulting three-dimensional network structure.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
Analysis of hydrogen bonding interactions using crystallographic data.
Description of the molecular arrangement and network formation.

Main Results:

The compound C(7)H(6)O(4) crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit.
Intramolecular hydrogen bonds were observed between the hydroxyl and aldehyde groups in both molecules.
Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a 3D network, with each hydroxyl group acting as a single donor.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure of C(7)H(6)O(4) is characterized by specific intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
The observed hydrogen bonding network dictates the supramolecular architecture.
This detailed structural information provides a basis for understanding the compound's physical properties.