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Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:

GTPases and their Regulation

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒ small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...

GTPases and their Regulation

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒ small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Comparing the Affinity of GTPase-binding Proteins using Competition Assays

Comparing the Affinity of GTPase-binding Proteins using Competition Assays

Published on: October 8, 2015

Forgetting and small G protein Rac.

Yichun Shuai¹, Yi Zhong

¹School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

|January 5, 2011

Summary

Rapid early memory forgetting may be explained by the small G protein Rac. This perspective reviews evidence linking Rac to the internal processes underlying forgetting, offering insights into why we forget recent information.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Cognitive Science

Background:

The mechanisms of rapid early memory forgetting remain largely unknown.
Recent research suggests a potential role for small G protein Rac in this process.

Purpose of the Study:

To review existing evidence on the involvement of small G protein Rac in rapid forgetting.
To discuss the implications of this research for understanding the internal processes of memory loss.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies investigating small G protein Rac and memory.
Analysis of current perspectives on the molecular mechanisms of forgetting.

Main Results:

Emerging evidence points to small G protein Rac as a key factor in early memory forgetting.

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Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: November 11, 2018

Spatio-Temporal Manipulation of Small GTPase Activity at Subcellular Level and on Timescale of Seconds in Living Cells

Spatio-Temporal Manipulation of Small GTPase Activity at Subcellular Level and on Timescale of Seconds in Living Cells

Published on: March 9, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Comparing the Affinity of GTPase-binding Proteins using Competition Assays

Comparing the Affinity of GTPase-binding Proteins using Competition Assays

Published on: October 8, 2015

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: November 11, 2018

Spatio-Temporal Manipulation of Small GTPase Activity at Subcellular Level and on Timescale of Seconds in Living Cells

Spatio-Temporal Manipulation of Small GTPase Activity at Subcellular Level and on Timescale of Seconds in Living Cells

Published on: March 9, 2012

Studies highlight the potential of Rac signaling pathways in memory consolidation and retrieval failures.

Conclusions:

Small G protein Rac is a promising target for understanding rapid forgetting.
Further research into Rac's role could elucidate fundamental processes of memory and forgetting.