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Updated: Jun 5, 2026
13:35
Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Published on: May 17, 2024
Male breast cancer
Leonardo Oliveira Reis1, Fernando Gf Dias, Marcos As Castro
1School of Medical Sciences, Division of Urologic Oncology, Discipline of Urology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil.
Summary
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare but increasing disease. Risk factors include genetics and hormonal imbalances, with diagnosis relying on clinical assessment and biopsy.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Men's Health
- Rare Diseases
Background:
- Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare but increasing with an aging population.
- Etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic (BRCA1/2, Klinefelter syndrome), hormonal (estrogen/androgen imbalance), and environmental factors.
- Clinical presentation often involves a subareolar nodule with earlier nipple involvement than in women.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current understanding of male breast cancer.
- To highlight diagnostic and prognostic factors.
- To discuss treatment standards and the need for further research.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on male breast cancer.
- Analysis of clinical manifestations, risk factors, and diagnostic tools.
- Examination of current treatment protocols and outcomes.
Main Results:
- Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is the most common histological type.
- Axillary adenopathy is a significant prognostic factor, present in 40-55% of cases.
- Clinical assessment and biopsy are crucial for diagnosis, despite imaging utility.
Conclusions:
- Standard care involves modified radical mastectomy and tamoxifen for positive disease, but specific trials are needed.
- Extrapolating data from female breast cancer treatment is inappropriate for male patients.
- Further multi-institutional trials are essential for understanding MBC and optimizing therapy.
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