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Related Concept Videos

Larynx01:21

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation01:31

Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation

In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
Palpation Findings
During a respiratory assessment, palpation can reveal several vital abnormalities:
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close&#45;Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
07:45

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing

Published on: December 1, 2023

Vocal cord dysfunction: what do we know?

K Kenn1, R Balkissoon

  • 1Dept of Pulmonology, Allergology, Hospital Klinikum Berchtesgadener Land, Schoenau am Koenigssee, Germany. KKenn@schoen-kliniken.de

The European Respiratory Journal
|January 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) causes sudden breathing difficulty due to paradoxical vocal cord closure, often mistaken for asthma. Speech therapy effectively treats functional VCD by teaching new breathing patterns.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close&#45;Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
07:45

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing

Published on: December 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pulmonology
  • Speech-Language Pathology

Background:

  • Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) involves paradoxical vocal cord adduction, causing severe dyspnea attacks.
  • VCD symptoms are often unresponsive to standard asthma treatments.
  • The condition stems from a hyperfunctional laryngeal reflex triggered by various factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex etiology and pathophysiology of vocal cord dysfunction.
  • To highlight diagnostic criteria and effective management strategies for VCD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical features and contributing factors.
  • Diagnostic gold standard: laryngoscopic demonstration of paradoxical vocal cord motion during wheezing or stridor.

Main Results:

  • VCD pathophysiology involves a protective laryngeal reflex.
  • Contributing factors include post-nasal drip, reflux (gastro-oesophageal and laryngopharyngeal), and psychological conditions.
  • Laryngoscopy confirms paradoxical vocal cord motion.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of VCD requires recognizing clinical features and triggers.
  • Speech therapy utilizing relaxed-throat breathing patterns is effective for functional VCD.
  • Understanding VCD's multifactorial nature is key for appropriate management.