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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation, vasodilation, and...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
07:15

Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Published on: July 3, 2025

Soluble guanylate cyclase modulators in heart failure.

Veselin Mitrovic1, Ana Jovanovic, Stefan Lehinant

  • 1Kerckhoff-Klinik gGmbH, Benekestrasse 2-8, Bad Nauheim, Germany. v.mitrovic@kerckhoff-klinik.de

Current Heart Failure Reports
|January 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) modulators offer new hope for heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. These drugs, like cinaciguat and riociguat, activate or stimulate sGC, showing promise in treating these serious conditions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
07:15

Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Published on: July 3, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway is crucial in cardiovascular regulation.
  • Dysfunction of this pathway is implicated in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the sGC-cGMP pathway in heart failure.
  • To discuss novel drugs that modulate sGC activity for therapeutic benefit.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on sGC modulators in cardiovascular diseases.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for specific sGC activators and stimulators.

Main Results:

  • sGC activators and stimulators show promise in treating decompensated heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.
  • Nitric oxide (NO)-independent activators like cinaciguat may be effective even under oxidative stress.
  • NO-independent stimulators such as riociguat have demonstrated beneficial effects in patients.

Conclusions:

  • sGC modulators represent a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.
  • These agents offer a novel approach to managing conditions associated with sGC pathway dysfunction.