Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Neurological complications in microgravity and long duration spaceflight.

NPJ microgravity·2026

Same author

Reducing Inequalities in Stroke Events-Hemorrhagic Disparities (RISE-HD): a 10-Year Longitudinal Study in Florida.

Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities·2026

Same author

SAHVAI-3D and 4D: Automated AI Volumetric Measurement of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage on Noncontrast Head CT.

Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.)·2026

Same author

7T MRA for Distinguishing Small Intracranial Aneurysms from Variant Anatomy: Protocols and Impact.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology·2025

Same author

The eSAH score: a simple practical predictive model for SAH mortality and outcomes.

Scientific reports·2024

Same author

The In-Hospital Code Stroke: A Look Back and the Road Ahead.

The Neurohospitalist·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Maria I Aguilar¹, W David Freeman

¹Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona 85054, USA. Aguilar.Maria@mayo.edu

Seminars in Neurology

|January 6, 2011

Summary

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a deadly brain bleed. Current treatments focus on supportive care and blood pressure management, with ongoing research into surgical interventions and novel therapies.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Neurosurgery
Radiology

Background:

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a severe neurological condition, occurring twice as frequently as subarachnoid hemorrhage and carrying a similar mortality rate.
Key risk factors for sICH include hypertension, advanced age, leukoaraiosis, previous ICH, renal failure, anticoagulant use, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
While head CT is standard for diagnosis, advanced MRI techniques offer potential for improved pathology determination and prognostication.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding and management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
To highlight ongoing research directions for improving patient outcomes in sICH.
To discuss the efficacy and limitations of existing and emerging treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

More Related Videos

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Published on: October 15, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Published on: October 15, 2021

Review of existing literature on spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
Analysis of risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and current treatment approaches.
Examination of ongoing clinical trials for novel therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) diagnosis relies on CT scans, with MRI offering prognostic insights.
Supportive care and blood pressure management are crucial, though optimal blood pressure targets are under investigation.
Hemostatic agents and neuroprotectants have not yet demonstrated clinical benefit in sICH.

Conclusions:

Surgical evacuation trials for sICH have yielded limited success.
Active research is exploring minimally invasive surgery (MISTIE, STICH), intraventricular thrombolysis (CLEAR III), and refined blood pressure control.
Further investigation is needed to establish effective treatments for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.