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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Equilibrium and Balance01:15

Equilibrium and Balance

The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions
12:29

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

Published on: May 23, 2011

Neurological complications in microgravity and long duration spaceflight.

Giselle Coelho1, Alejandro Rabinstein2, W David Freeman3

  • 1STR-X, Simulation Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA. coelho.giselle@mayo.edu.

NPJ Microgravity
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Long space missions cause brain changes due to microgravity and other factors. Emerging countermeasures are discussed to protect astronauts' neurological health during exploration missions.

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Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) Imaging Method
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Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
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Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform

Published on: January 13, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions
12:29

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

Published on: May 23, 2011

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) Imaging Method
09:11

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) Imaging Method

Published on: October 27, 2020

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
11:08

Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform

Published on: January 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Space medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Long-duration spaceflight induces significant structural, functional, and hemodynamic brain alterations.
  • Key stressors include microgravity, radiation, elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), and isolation.
  • These changes can lead to Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome, vestibular issues, orthostatic intolerance, and cognitive deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate current evidence on neurological changes during spaceflight.
  • To present a cerebrovascular physiologic framework for understanding these alterations.
  • To discuss emerging countermeasures for safeguarding astronaut neurological health.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing research on spaceflight-induced neurological effects.
  • Development of a cerebrovascular physiologic model.
  • Analysis of potential countermeasures like lower body negative pressure, artificial gravity, advanced neuromonitoring, and synthetic torpor.

Main Results:

  • Spaceflight significantly impacts brain structure, function, and hemodynamics.
  • A framework is presented to explain cerebrovascular responses to spaceflight stressors.
  • Several novel countermeasures show promise for mitigating neurological risks.

Conclusions:

  • Astronaut neurological health is significantly challenged by long-duration spaceflight.
  • Understanding cerebrovascular physiology is crucial for developing effective countermeasures.
  • Emerging technologies offer potential solutions for protecting the brain during future exploration missions.