[Focus on managing AF and preventing stroke]

Guidelines published from the European Society of Cardiology/American Heart Association, and from the American College of Chest Physicians, clarified the strategy of antithrombotic treatment in AF, which is based on the presence of risk factors for thromboembolism. The European guidelines have been updated in 2010 and differ from the ACCP guidelines. They integrated the CHA(2)DS(2)Vasc score and modified accordingly the previous recommendations based on the CHADS(2)score, which allows physicians to classify patients as at low, moderate or high risk, according to their individual risk characteristics. Recently published registries confirm under-prescription of VKA treatment in the 'real world', even in patients at high thromboembolic risk, and over-prescription for at least one-third of patients at low risk. Therefore reducing the risk of thromboembolism should be the physicians'primary aim, particularly with the advent of alternative treatments and the development of new antithrombotic drugs such as oral thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors, which are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.