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Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term cognitive outcomes after pediatric stroke.

Anneli Kolk1, Margus Ennok, Rael Laugesaar

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. anneli.kolk@kliinikum.ee

Pediatric Neurology
|January 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Children with neonatal and childhood strokes show significant neurocognitive deficits, particularly in sensorimotor and visuospatial functions. Early neuropsychologic testing and follow-up are crucial for managing pediatric stroke outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neuropsychology
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

  • Pediatric stroke is a significant cause of acquired brain injury in children.
  • Understanding the long-term neurocognitive and neurologic sequelae is essential for effective management.
  • Previous research highlights the impact of stroke on child development, but comprehensive assessments are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess and compare neurocognitive and neurologic outcomes in children with neonatal and childhood strokes.
  • To identify specific areas of neurocognitive impairment and their correlation with stroke type and location.
  • To emphasize the importance of early detection and intervention for pediatric stroke survivors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Estonian Pediatric Stroke Database (1995-2006) to identify participants.
  • Included 21 children with neonatal strokes (mean age 6.86 years) and 10 with childhood strokes (mean age 8.21 years).
  • Employed a developmental neuropsychologic assessment and the Paediatric Stroke Outcome Measure for outcome evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Neuromotor impairment was observed in 62% of neonatal and 70% of childhood stroke cases.
  • Children with strokes demonstrated poorer attention, language, memory, and sensorimotor functions compared to controls.
  • Executive functions remained intact, potentially explaining normal intelligence, but neonatal strokes led to more severe visuospatial deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric stroke survivors exhibit significant neurocognitive deficits, with sensorimotor and visuospatial domains being particularly affected.
  • Neonatal strokes result in more severe neurocognitive impairments than childhood strokes.
  • Epilepsy and left-hemisphere strokes are associated with poorer prognoses, underscoring the need for specialized neuropsychologic assessment and ongoing care.