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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation
07:46

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Published on: April 3, 2017

Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity.

Margaret F Gregor1, Gökhan S Hotamisligil

  • 1Departments of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Annual Review of Immunology
|January 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Obesity causes low-grade inflammation, termed metaflammation, contributing to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Understanding metaflammation

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic inflammation
  • Obesity research
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Rising obesity rates correlate with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
  • Obesity induces a chronic inflammatory state in metabolic tissues.
  • Metaflammation is a low-grade, chronic inflammation driven by metabolic cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the features of metaflammation.
  • To explore metaflammation's effects on metabolic tissues and dysfunction.
  • To discuss triggers of inflammatory signaling in obesity, including endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on metaflammation.
  • Analysis of inflammatory mechanisms in metabolic tissues (adipose, liver, muscle, pancreas, brain).

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Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells
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Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

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Characterization of Immune Cells in Human Adipose Tissue by Using Flow Cytometry
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Characterization of Immune Cells in Human Adipose Tissue by Using Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 6, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation
07:46

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Published on: April 3, 2017

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells
07:09

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

Published on: May 22, 2013

Characterization of Immune Cells in Human Adipose Tissue by Using Flow Cytometry
07:32

Characterization of Immune Cells in Human Adipose Tissue by Using Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 6, 2018

  • Examination of potential therapeutic targets, including anti-inflammatory therapies.

    • Main Results:

    • Metaflammation is characterized by low-grade, chronic inflammation in response to excess nutrients.
    • This inflammation contributes to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction across multiple tissues.
    • Endoplasmic reticulum stress is a potential initiator of metaflammation.

    Conclusions:

    • Metaflammation is a key mechanism linking obesity to metabolic diseases.
    • Targeting metaflammation and its triggers may offer therapeutic strategies.
    • Further research into anti-inflammatory therapies is warranted for obesity-related complications.