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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this defense.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
11:44

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: September 18, 2014

Nucleic acid recognition by the innate immune system.

Roman Barbalat1, Sarah E Ewald, Maria L Mouchess

  • 1Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3200, USA.

Annual Review of Immunology
|January 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Innate immune receptors detect microbial nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) to trigger responses. Dysregulation can lead to autoimmune diseases, highlighting the need for understanding self-tolerance mechanisms.

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Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
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Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
12:43

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Published on: May 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Innate immunity relies on receptors recognizing conserved microbial patterns.
  • Nucleic acid sensing receptors, including Toll-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors, are crucial for pathogen detection.
  • Aberrant recognition of self nucleic acids contributes to autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of nucleic acid sensing by innate immune receptors.
  • To discuss the regulatory mechanisms preventing self-recognition.
  • To highlight the link between nucleic acid sensing and autoimmune pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of innate immune receptor function.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms for nucleic acid recognition.
  • Examination of regulatory pathways controlling self-tolerance.

Main Results:

  • Multiple receptor families (Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, DNA sensors) recognize microbial RNA and DNA.
  • Pathogen recognition is balanced by the risk of self-recognition, which can cause autoimmune diseases.
  • Regulatory mechanisms are essential for preventing inappropriate responses to self-nucleic acids.

Conclusions:

  • Innate immune receptors play a dual role in pathogen defense and autoimmunity.
  • Understanding nucleic acid sensing pathways is critical for developing therapies for autoimmune diseases.
  • Maintaining self-tolerance is a key challenge in innate immunity.