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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique
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[How to create a self-cleaning open mastoid cavity].

Götz Lehnerdt1, Stephan Lang, Dietrich Plester

  • 1goetz.lehnerdt@uk-essen.de

Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie
|January 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study revisits essential techniques for creating self-cleaning open mastoid cavities in cholesteatoma surgery. Proper drilling, bone smoothing, and cavity obliteration are key for successful open techniques.

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Published on: November 26, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Surgical Techniques

Context:

  • Mastoid cavity revisions are complex procedures.
  • Established techniques for creating self-cleaning open cavities are not universally practiced.
  • Cholesteatoma surgery requires meticulous surgical approaches.

Purpose:

  • To review and emphasize critical surgical techniques for open mastoid cavity revision.
  • To highlight the importance of specific bone drilling and obliteration methods.
  • To advocate for the continued use of the open technique in selected cholesteatoma cases.

Summary:

  • Key steps include extensive drilling of the facial ridge and lateral bone, mastoid tip reduction, and bony rim smoothing.
  • Partial obliteration of retrofacial space and sinus-dura angle using bone substitutes (cartilage, hydroxyapatite, or musculoperiosteal flap) can reduce cavity size.
  • Creating a wide auditory canal entrance is the final crucial step.

Impact:

  • Reaffirming the efficacy of the open technique in managing cholesteatoma.
  • Providing a guide for surgeons to achieve optimal outcomes in mastoid cavity surgery.
  • Potentially improving patient outcomes by ensuring effective cholesteatoma removal and cavity maintenance.