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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns (Sterna Hirundo)
07:39

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Published on: July 22, 2018

Poor flight performance in deep-diving cormorants.

Yuuki Y Watanabe1, Akinori Takahashi, Katsufumi Sato

  • 1National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan. watanabe.yuuki@nipr.ac.jp

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|January 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Kerguelen shags exhibit limited flight capabilities due to adaptations for exceptional diving. Their morphology, optimized for deep dives, compromises aerial locomotion, restricting foraging range.

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Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
11:56

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Published on: November 12, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Avian biology
  • Physiological ecology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Diving seabirds face conflicting demands for aerial flight and breath-hold diving.
  • Evolutionary trade-offs are expected between locomotory performances in these species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the flight capability of Kerguelen shags (Phalacrocorax verrucosus), known for remarkable diving abilities.
  • To determine if their diving adaptations result in compromised flight performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized newly developed tags to record flight air speed, duration, GPS position, and dive depth in wild birds.
  • Applied aerodynamic models to analyze flight data and relate it to physiological limitations.

Main Results:

  • Direct flight air speed measurements (mean 12.7 m/s) indicated a speed minimizing power, not necessarily energy expenditure per distance.
  • Flights were short (mean 92 s), with limited daily flight duration (mean 24 min/day).
  • Increased surface durations after flights suggested physiological recovery was needed.

Conclusions:

  • Kerguelen shag flight performance is physiologically limited, likely due to morphological adaptations for diving (e.g., large body mass, small flight muscles, short wings).
  • This compromise between diving and flight capabilities shapes their three-dimensional foraging range.