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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...
Mass Spectrometry: Carboxylic Acid, Ester, and Amide Fragmentation01:01

Mass Spectrometry: Carboxylic Acid, Ester, and Amide Fragmentation

The fragmentation patterns observed for compounds such as carboxylic acids, esters, and amides in the mass spectra include ⍺-cleavage and McLafferty rearrangement. Fragmentation by ⍺-cleavage preferentially occurs at the carbon-carbon bond at the ⍺-position next to the carboxylic group to generate a neutral radical and a cation. Long chain compounds with hydrogen at their γ-carbon undergo McLafferty rearrangement to give a radical cation and a neutral alkene.
For example, the fragmentation of...
Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkene Fragmentation00:54

Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkene Fragmentation

The molecular ions of cycloalkenes undergo fragmentation via a retro-Diels–Alder reaction.
Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkane Fragmentation01:05

Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkane Fragmentation

In mass spectrometry, cycloalkanes exhibit distinct fragmentation patterns due to the inherent stability of their molecular ions compared to linear or branched alkanes. The ring structure of cycloalkanes provides additional stability to the molecular ions, often resulting in prominent ion peaks in the mass spectrum.
For example, cyclohexane molecular ions have a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 84, which tends to produce a stronger signal than linear alkanes like hexane. This stability comes from...
Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation01:18

Mass Spectrometry: Long-Chain Alkane Fragmentation

The molecular ions of linear alkanes prefer to fragment at the carbon-carbon bond away from the end of the chain since the cleavage of an inner bond creates a stable carbocation and a stable radical. Consequently, the mass signals of linear alkanes feature intense peaks in the middle of the mass-to-charge ratio plot with weaker peaks on either end. The fragmentation of each carbon-carbon bond with the release of a methyl group in each splitting leads to prominent peaks in the mass spectra...
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Improved Polymerase Chain Reaction-restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping of Toxic Pufferfish by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
09:34

Improved Polymerase Chain Reaction-restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping of Toxic Pufferfish by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

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Dynamic fragmentation of a ring: predictable fragment mass distributions.

S Levy1, J F Molinari, I Vicari

  • 1LSMS-IIC-ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|January 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study models material decohesion in expanding rings using a finite element framework. Fragment mass distributions are generalized gamma, but heaviest fragments depend on material toughness, size, and loading rate.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Improved Polymerase Chain Reaction-restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping of Toxic Pufferfish by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
09:34

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Published on: September 20, 2016

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NMR-Based Fragment Screening in a Minimum Sample but Maximum Automation Mode
09:19

NMR-Based Fragment Screening in a Minimum Sample but Maximum Automation Mode

Published on: June 4, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Computational mechanics
  • Materials science
  • Fracture mechanics

Background:

  • Material failure under stress is a critical area of study.
  • Understanding fragmentation patterns is key to predicting material behavior.
  • Previous models often simplify the complex physics of decohesion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model material decohesion in a uniformly expanding ring.
  • To analyze the resulting fragment mass distributions.
  • To investigate the factors influencing the heaviest fragments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a finite element framework.
  • Coupling the framework with cohesive elements for decohesion modeling.
  • Analyzing average fragment mass, mass distribution, and heaviest fragments.

Main Results:

  • Fragment mass distributions are consistently described by generalized gamma distributions.
  • The distribution of the heaviest fragments is sensitive to model parameters.
  • Key parameters influencing heaviest fragments include toughness, specimen size, and loading rate.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized gamma distribution provides a robust model for fragment mass.
  • Material properties and loading conditions significantly impact extreme fragment characteristics.
  • This framework offers insights into predicting fragmentation in dynamic scenarios.