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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the magnetic field at a point "P2", midway between the wires. Also, evaluate the magnetic field when the direction of the current is reversed in the second wire.

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...

Magnetic Vector Potential

Magnetic Vector Potential

In electrostatics, the electric field can be written as the negative gradient of the potential. In magnetostatics, the zero divergence of the magnetic field ensures that the magnetic field can be expressed as the curl of a vector potential. This potential is known as the magnetic vector potential.
Consider an ideal solenoid with n turns per unit length and radius R. If I is the current through the solenoid, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is expressed as the product of vacuum...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Published on: July 11, 2025

Effective magnetic fields in graphene superlattices.

Jianmin Sun¹, H A Fertig, L Brey

¹Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|January 15, 2011

Summary

Graphene

Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Materials science

Background:

Graphene exhibits unique electronic properties due to its Dirac cone band structure.
Periodic potentials can significantly alter material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the electronic spectrum of graphene under a one-dimensional periodic potential.
To explore the emergence of Landau levels in this system.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis using Dirac Hamiltonian with chiral symmetry.
Numerical diagonalization of the Dirac equation.

Main Results:

A Landau level spectrum develops in graphene with a slowly varying periodic potential.
The potential generates extra Dirac points sensitive to its magnitude.

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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

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An effective magnetic field arises from chiral symmetry and the superlattice potential.

Conclusions:

The findings confirm the presence of Landau levels in graphene superlattices.
The study discusses potential implications for electronic transport phenomena.