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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:22

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

α-Adrenergic antagonists, known as α-blockers, exert their effects by inhibiting α-adrenoceptors, leading to specific physiological actions. α1-blockers and α2-blockers have distinct pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications.
α1-blockers: These drugs inhibit α1-adrenoceptors on smooth muscle cells, resulting in vasodilation. This vasodilation lowers blood pressure, making α1-blockers valuable in treating hypertension. Additionally, α1-blockers effectively address urinary obstruction...
Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers01:27

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers

β-receptor blockers significantly impact the cardiovascular system by counteracting catecholamine-induced sympathetic responses. These medications decrease heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, potentially leading to cardiac depression, life-threatening bradycardia, and death. Therapeutically, β-blockers function as mild antihypertensives and are utilized in treating angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias. However, nonselective β-blockers inhibit β2-receptors in bronchial smooth...
Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers01:31

Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers

Third-generation β-blockers, such as labetalol and carvedilol, represent a significant advancement in managing cardiovascular conditions. Unlike conventional β-blockers, which can induce peripheral vasoconstriction, third-generation drugs block α1 adrenoceptors. This promotes vasodilation through several mechanisms, such as increased nitric oxide production, inhibition of calcium ion entry, opening of potassium ion channels, and antioxidant action. Labetalol, for instance, is clinically...
Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents

Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous catecholamines like noradrenaline and adrenaline are called adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics. Based on their mechanism of action, sympathomimetics can be classified as direct-, indirect-, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics. Direct-acting adrenergic agonists activate adrenoceptors without affecting presynaptic neurons, making them independent of neuronal catecholamine-depleting agents like reserpine and guanethidine.
These agents can be classified...
Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of β-Receptor Blockers01:25

Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of β-Receptor Blockers

β-adrenergic antagonists, or β-blockers, modulate the sympathetic nervous system by targeting β-adrenoceptors and inhibiting catecholamine-mediated sympathetic responses. β-blockers differ in their adrenoceptor subtype affinity, lipophilicity, and α-blocking capabilities. The history of β-blocker development began with the prototype, dichloroisoprenaline, which exhibited partial agonist activity. As a result, propranolol was developed as a pure antagonist but nonselective agent, paving the way...
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Classification01:18

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Classification

Adrenergic agonists can be classified based on their therapeutic uses and mechanisms of action. They serve various purposes in clinical applications.
Vasopressor or pressor agents: They increase blood pressure and function as cardiac stimulants. Examples include endogenous catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) and synthetic agents (phenylephrine).
Bronchodilators: β2-agonists can relax bronchial muscles and widen airways. They are commonly used for treating obstructive pulmonary...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Receptor Autoradiography Protocol for the Localized Visualization of Angiotensin II Receptors
12:03

Receptor Autoradiography Protocol for the Localized Visualization of Angiotensin II Receptors

Published on: June 7, 2016

β(2) -adrenoceptor agonists: current and future direction.

Mario Cazzola1, Luigino Calzetta, Maria Gabriella Matera

  • 1Unit of Respiratory Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy. mario.cazzola@uniroma2.it

British Journal of Pharmacology
|January 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultra-long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists (ultra-LABAs) are in development for once-daily dosing in asthma and COPD. Novel once-daily combinations with inhaled corticosteroids or long-acting muscarinic antagonists are also emerging.

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Receptor Autoradiography Protocol for the Localized Visualization of Angiotensin II Receptors
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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Beta2-adrenoceptor agonists remain crucial for managing asthma and COPD symptoms.
  • Ultra-long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists (ultra-LABAs) are being developed for once-daily administration.
  • Once-daily bronchodilator dosing may improve patient convenience and adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of ultra-LABAs and novel once-daily combination therapies.
  • To highlight the potential benefits of once-daily dosing for respiratory conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research and development in ultra-LABA agents.
  • Analysis of emerging combination therapies for asthma and COPD.

Main Results:

  • Several ultra-LABAs (e.g., indacaterol, olodaterol) are under development for once-daily use.
  • Novel once-daily combinations of LABAs with ICS (for asthma) and LAMAs (for COPD) are in development.

Conclusions:

  • Ultra-LABAs offer potential for improved convenience and compliance in managing airway disorders.
  • New once-daily combination therapies aim to enhance treatment efficacy for asthma and COPD patients.