Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

Hypoxia

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Neurological aspects of electrolyte disorders.

Practical neurology·2025

Same author

Neurological aspects of drug misuse.

Practical neurology·2025

Same author

Muscle MRI quantifies disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry·2025

Same author

Efgartigimod efficacy and safety in refractory myasthenia gravis: UK's first real-world experience.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry·2025

Same author

Shell Shock: The Response of UK Neurology.

European neurology·2021

Same author

Bortezomib for anti-NMDAR encephalitis following daclizumab treatment in a patient with multiple sclerosis.

BMJ neurology open·2021

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Published on: May 16, 2015

Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury.

Robin S Howard¹, Paul A Holmes, Michalis A Koutroumanidis

¹Department of Neurology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK. robin.howard@gstt.nhs.uk

Practical Neurology

|January 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury (HIBI) is a severe condition often resulting from cardiac arrest. Prognosis is poor, with most survivors experiencing significant neurological deficits.

More Related Videos

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Published on: November 19, 2008

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Published on: May 7, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Published on: May 16, 2015

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Published on: November 19, 2008

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Published on: May 7, 2015

Area of Science:

Neurology
Critical Care Medicine
Neuroimaging

Background:

Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury (HIBI) is a frequent and severe neurological insult.
Common causes include cardiac arrest and profound hypotension.
Clinical assessment is challenging due to therapeutic interventions like sedation and hypothermia.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the factors influencing clinical patterns and outcomes in HIBI.
To discuss the utility of investigations in predicting prognosis.
To inform neurological assessment and management strategies for HIBI patients.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical assessment challenges in HIBI.
Analysis of the role of neuroimaging (MRI) in HIBI prognosis.
Evaluation of electroencephalography (EEG) patterns for outcome prediction.
Discussion of combined clinical and investigational approaches for prognostication.

Main Results:

Clinical assessment is often compromised by medical interventions.
Brain MRI reveals characteristic patterns indicative of injury severity and timing.
EEG patterns can suggest potential for favorable outcomes.
No single sign or investigation provides a definitive prognosis.

Conclusions:

Accurate HIBI prognosis relies on combining repeated clinical observations with ancillary investigations.
Neurologists can provide informed opinions on likely outcomes and guide management.
Overall survival to hospital discharge is low (approximately 25%), with frequent severe neurological deficits.