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Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics

Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors01:20

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Influencing Factors

Modified-release drug delivery systems are designed to optimize the therapeutic effect of drugs by minimizing side effects, reducing the dosage required, and controlling drug release to align with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic needs. The system depends on two key factors: the drug's release from the formulation and its movement through the body to the target site. Unlike conventional dosage forms, where absorption is the limiting step, the rate of drug release is the key determinant in...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Classification01:23

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Classification

Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer
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A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer

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NIR spectroscopy applications in the development of a compacted multiparticulate system for modified release.

Stuart L Cantor1, Stephen W Hoag, Christopher D Ellison

  • 1School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.

AAPS Pharmscitech
|January 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Near-infrared spectroscopy and chemical imaging effectively characterized drug beads and tablets. Multivariate analyses, including partial least squares (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCA), accurately predicted content uniformity and detected blend segregation during tableting.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Process Analytical Technology (PAT)

Background:

  • Characterizing drug delivery systems is crucial for ensuring product quality and efficacy.
  • Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers a non-invasive method for analyzing pharmaceutical formulations.
  • Understanding blend uniformity and content uniformity is vital for modified-release tablet manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To utilize near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemical imaging for characterizing drug beads, placebo beads, and modified-release tablets.
  • To differentiate drug loads and evaluate tablet attributes like content uniformity using univariate and multivariate analyses.
  • To assess blend segregation during tableting and quantify bead content in various formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemical imaging were employed.
  • Univariate analyses differentiated drug loads of theophylline and cimetidine.
  • Multivariate analyses, including Partial Least Squares (PLS) for prediction and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for classification, were used to evaluate tablet attributes and blend segregation.

Main Results:

  • PLS models achieved high prediction accuracy (R² > 0.98) for content uniformity of uncoated beads.
  • PCA successfully detected blend segregation in formulations with varying ratios of cimetidine to placebo beads.
  • NIR chemical imaging identified significant blend segregation in 80:20 formulations and quantified bead content.

Conclusions:

  • NIR spectroscopy and chemical imaging are powerful tools for characterizing pharmaceutical beads and tablets.
  • Multivariate analysis provides robust methods for predicting content uniformity and monitoring manufacturing processes.
  • These techniques can effectively detect and quantify blend segregation, ensuring consistent drug product quality.